One of the most energetic events in the universe is the core-collapse supernova (SN), where nearly all the star's binding energy is released as neutrinos. These particles offer direct insights into the processes in the stellar core, shedding light on both the gravitational collapse and neutrino properties. Currently, astroparticle physics needs more supernova observations and a detection method that is sensitive to all neutrino flavors.

RES-NOVA aims to transform neutrino detection from astrophysical sources by deploying the first array of cryogenic detectors made from archaeological lead. Detection in RES-NOVA is based on Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS), which enables measurement of the full supernova neutrino signal, removing uncertainties related to flavor oscillations. By using CEvNS, RES-NOVA elevates Pb from a passive shield to the core detector material, thanks to its cross-section being 10,000 times higher than other detection methods, allowing for a compact, cm-scale neutrino observatory.

This innovative approach uses ultra-pure archaeological Pb in a cryogenic detector with low-energy thresholds and an unprecedented background reduction. These properties also open new opportunities for multi-messenger astronomy, dark matter searches, and neutrino studies. The success of our pioneering work with Pb-based cryogenic detectors is crucial for realizing RES-NOVA.

RES-NOVA will be able to monitor 90% of potential galactic supernovae with a detector volume of only (30 cm)³. Future upgrades will extend its sensitivity beyond 1 Mpc, significantly increasing the supernova detection rate. RES-NOVA has the potential to establish the groundwork for a new generation of European neutrino telescopes, as most current detectors are going offline.

RES-NOVA, a Latin term meaning 'new thing' or 'revolution,' highlights the innovative experimental approach proposed by this project.